NETWORKING

• NETWORKING
• 1. There are three basic configurations used to connect computers they are the Bus Ring Star
• 2. NETWORKING & TOPOLOGIES
• 3. Bus topology This type of network was widely used in the 1980’s  In this configuration every computer (node) shares the networks total bus capacities.  In this configuration adding more computers will reduce the access speed on the network.  Each computer communicates to other computers on the network independently this is referred to as PEER-TO-PEER networking 
• 4. How a Bus Peer to Peer Network Works All computers on a network have a distinct address just like your house does  a message would be send from one computer with the address of another computer attached to the message  The message is broadcasted to all the computers on the network until the addressed PC accepts the message 
• 5. Problems  One of the main problems with this type of network is that it is not very fault tolerant, a break or defect in the bus would affect the whole network
• 6. Ring Topology In Ring topology each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle  Data only travels in one direction on a Ring network 
• 7. How this Topology works a node has information to send to another computer on the network so it sends the information out on the network to the PC it is connected to, if the information is for this PC (the recipients NIC address is attached to the message, which is like putting an address on an envelope) then the PC accepts the data  otherwise it passes the information on to the next PC by repeating the data back out on the line  This method of repeating the data helps keep the integrity of the data readable by other computers 
• 8. How it Works As it is better to have computers take turns using the connecting Data cable, Ring topologies incorporated a system called Token passing  In this topology, to transmit on the wire your computer must have control of the token or wait for the token to be free  Larger Token Ring networks use multiple tokens 
• 9. Problems and Solutions       The drawback to this type of topology is that a single malfunctioning workstation can disable the whole network To make sure all the information is sent the receiving PC sends the token back to the sending PC after it has received all the data If the sending PC is finished sending it passes the token to the next PC This type of network was also widely used in the 1980’s This type of network used Thinnet cable joining nodes. In the mid 1980’s Thinnet cable was replaced by Category 3 Ethernet cable capable of handling up to 10Mbps
• 10. Star topology HUB In a Star topology every node is connected through a central device such as a Hub, Switch or Router  Compared to a Ring or Bus topology a Star topology requires that more thought be put into its setup 
• 11. The Good and Bad of a Star Network The upside of a star network is that if any one cable fails then only the node connected on that cable would be affected  Another positive point to this type of network is that it is very simple to join two star networks together by connecting their central devices to each other 
• 12. The Good and Bad of a Star Network As each computer is connected to a central device (Hub) the location of the Hub must be made as central as possible, so as to reduce cable lengths  The drawback to this type of topology is if a central device was to fail then all computers connected to that device would not be able to see the network 
• 13. What is a Hub? A hub is usually a small rectangular box, often made of plastic, which receives its power from an ordinary wall outlet  A hub joins multiple computers (or other network devices) together to form a single network segment  On this network segment, all computers can communicate directly with each other 
• 14. What is a Hub? Ethernet hubs are by far the most common type, but hubs for other types of networks such as USB also exist  A hub includes a series of ports that each accepts a network cable  Small hubs can network four computers together  They contain four or sometimes five ports 
• 15. What is a Hub? Many times the fifth port is reserved for “uplink” which is the connecting of one hub to another hub or similar device (joining two segments together).  Larger hubs contain eight, 12, 16, and even 24 ports 
• 16. Key Features of Hubs Hubs classify as Layer 1 devices in the OSI model  OSI stands for : The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model  At the physical layer, hubs can support little in the way of sophisticated networking  Hubs do not read any of the data passing through them and are not aware of their source or destination 
• 17. Key Features of Hubs Essentially, a hub simply receives incoming packets, possibly amplifies the electrical signal, and broadcasts these packets out to all devices on the network – including the one that originally sent the packet!  a packet is a formatted block of data carried by a computer network 
• 18. Different Types of Hubs  Technically speaking, three different types of hubs exist Passive Active Intelligent
• 19. Passive hubs  Passive hubs do not amplify the electrical signal of incoming packets before broadcasting them out to the network Active hubs  amplify the electrical signal of incoming packets back to their original level before broadcasting them back out on the network
• 20. What is a Network Switch? A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN)  Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model 
• 21. What is a Router? Routers are physical devices that join multiple wired or wireless networks together  Technically, a wired or wireless router is a Layer 3 gateway, meaning that the wired/wireless router connects networks together  A Gateway is a device that acts like a security guard and only allows data in or out if it has the right network headers 
• 22. Routers Home “networkers” often use an Internet Protocol (IP) wired or wireless router  IP is the most common OSI network layer protocol  Protocols are the rules governing the transfer of data information, it can also be compared to how humans use languages (to get your point across you must talk in the same language as the person you are speaking to). 
• 23. Routers An IP router such as a DSL or cable modem are broadband routers and joins the home’s local area network (LAN) to the wide-area network (WAN) of the Internet  A Broadband Router is a device that allows multiple PC’s to access the Internet using only one address